🏛️ 典故與文化背景
書名《Of Mice and Men》
出自蘇格蘭詩人羅伯特.彭斯(Robert Burns)1785 年的〈致老鼠〉(To a Mouse)——農夫犁田時翻壞了田鼠的窩:「The best laid schemes o' mice an' men / Gang aft agley」(老鼠與人最周密的計畫,往往會出差錯)。這節雷尼口袋裡的死老鼠,是書名的第一次落地。
索萊達(Soledad)
加州薩利納斯谷的小鎮,西班牙語意思是「孤獨」。史坦貝克選這個地名不是偶然——全書寫的就是流動工人的孤獨。
薩利納斯河與加比蘭山
史坦貝克生在薩利納斯(1902),這一帶是他筆下的「史坦貝克鄉」(Steinbeck Country),《伊甸園東》也發生在這裡。
大蕭條與流動農工
1930 年代經濟大蕭條,加州的大農場靠大量單身流動工人(migrant workers)季節性收割。他們背著鋪蓋卷搭便車、坐公車、跳火車,一個農場做完換下一個,沒有家也沒有存款——這就是喬治和雷尼的處境。
霍華德街與莫瑞與瑞迪(Murray and Ready's)
霍華德街是舊金山當年的勞工區;莫瑞與瑞迪是真實的職業介紹所,介紹所門口的黑板寫著哪裡缺工,工人坐在路邊看黑板等工作。
威德(Weed)
加州北部的伐木小鎮,名字取自創辦人 Abner Weed。喬治和雷尼「從北邊來」,其實是從那裡逃出來的——原因下一節揭曉。
雷尼的姓 Small
全名 Lennie Small,一個龐然大物姓「小」,是作者的反諷。
史坦貝克的親身經驗
他年輕時在薩利納斯谷一帶的農場和甜菜工廠打過工,他說雷尼這個角色的原型,是他見過一個力氣大到能殺人的工人。
📖 導讀
小說用一段近乎電影運鏡的風景開場:索萊達以南幾英里,薩利納斯河貼著山腳流得又深又綠,柳樹、梧桐、蜥蜴、兔子、浣熊與鹿的腳印,一條被男孩和流浪漢踩硬的小路,一堆被許多營火燒出來的灰燼。史坦貝克先把舞台佈置好,然後讓兔子「無聲地逃開」、蒼鷹「笨重地飛起」——兩個人走進來,大自然立刻退場。這個「舞台→人物登場」的結構,正是他自稱的「劇本小說」(play-novelette)寫法:全書六章都以一段場景描寫開頭,接著幾乎全是對話,可以直接搬上舞台。
兩個人是一組刻意的對照:喬治「瘦小、敏捷、臉色黝黑、眼神不安」,每個部位都「輪廓分明」;雷尼是「他的反面」,臉「沒有形狀」,走路像熊拖著爪子。雷尼像馬一樣把頭埋進水裡猛喝、模仿喬治抱膝的姿勢、連帽子都要壓得跟喬治一樣低——一個大人的身體,裝著小孩的心。喬治一路罵:罵公車司機、罵雷尼「瘋子王八蛋」,但每句罵都在照顧他:別喝不流動的水、工作證我幫你拿、見了老闆一句話都不要說。
這節最重要的道具是那隻死老鼠。雷尼說他「想一邊走一邊用拇指摸摸牠」——喜歡摸柔軟的東西,卻總把它們弄死。喬治把老鼠扔過水潭。讀者此刻只覺得好笑,但這是全書第一個伏筆;還有喬治提到的「北邊的威德」——他們剛從那裡逃出來,原因下一節揭曉。
重點
- 開場的「舞台佈景」:薩利納斯河、加比蘭山、梧桐樹下的灰燼堆——後來最後一章會回到同一個水潭,首尾呼應。
- 人進來,動物躲開:兔子逃、蒼鷺飛——人在這片自然裡是闖入者,也預告了最後一章的蒼鷺吞小蛇。
- 對照組角色:瘦小精明的喬治 vs. 龐大遲緩的雷尼(姓 Small 是反諷);雷尼處處模仿喬治。
- 罵人就是關心:喬治的髒話密度極高,但內容全是「別喝髒水」「別說話」「證件我拿」——史坦貝克用口語寫出照顧者的疲憊。
- 死老鼠=第一個伏筆:雷尼愛撫摸柔軟的東西,卻不知輕重;書名的「老鼠」第一次出現。
- 兔子:雷尼什麼都會忘,只記得「兔子」——那塊地的夢已經在他腦子裡了。
📕 中英對照(逐句)
A few miles south of Soledad, the Salinas River drops in close to the hillside bank and runs deep and green.
索萊達往南幾英里,薩利納斯河貼近山邊的河岸,流得又深又綠。
The water is warm too, for it has slipped twinkling over the yellow sands in the sunlight before reaching the narrow pool.
河水也是溫的,因為它在流進這窄窄的水潭之前,已經在陽光下閃閃爍爍地滑過一片黃沙。
On one side of the river the golden foothill slopes curve up to the strong and rocky Gabilan mountains, but on the valley side the water is lined with trees—willows fresh and green with every spring, carrying in their lower leaf junctures the debris of the winter’s flooding; and sycamores with mottled, white, recumbent limbs and branches that arch over the pool.
河的一邊,金黃色的山麓坡地彎彎地往上,接到雄壯多石的加比蘭山;河谷這一邊,水邊排滿了樹——柳樹每年春天都抽得又鮮又綠,低處的葉腋間還卡著冬天洪水沖來的碎屑;還有梧桐,斑駁、灰白、斜臥的枝幹,拱在水潭上方。
On the sandy bank under the trees the leaves lie deep and so crisp that a lizard makes a great skittering if he runs among them.
樹下的沙岸上落葉積得很厚,又脆,一隻蜥蜴從裡頭跑過,就窸窸窣窣響成一大片。
Rabbits come out of the brush to sit on the sand in the evening, and the damp flats are covered with the night tracks of ’coons, and with the spread pads of dogs from the ranches, and with the split-wedge tracks of deer that come to drink in the dark.
傍晚兔子從灌木叢出來,坐在沙地上;潮濕的灘地上滿是浣熊夜裡留下的足跡、農場跑來的狗張開的腳掌印,還有趁黑來喝水的鹿那種裂成兩瓣的楔形蹄印。
There is a path through the willows and among the sycamores, a path beaten hard by boys coming down from the ranches to swim in the deep pool, and beaten hard by tramps who come wearily down from the highway in the evening to jungle-up near water.
柳樹叢裡、梧桐之間有一條小路,被農場下來到深潭游泳的男孩們踩硬了,也被傍晚從公路疲憊地走下來、到水邊露宿的流浪漢踩硬了。
In front of the low horizontal limb of a giant sycamore there is an ash pile made by many fires; the limb is worn smooth by men who have sat on it.
一棵大梧桐有根低低橫伸的枝幹,前面有一堆灰燼,是許多次營火燒出來的;那根枝幹被坐過的人磨得光溜溜的。
Evening of a hot day started the little wind to moving among the leaves.
一個大熱天的傍晚,微風開始在葉間流動。
The shade climbed up the hills toward the top.
陰影順著山坡往山頂爬。
On the sand banks the rabbits sat as quietly as little gray, sculptured stones.
沙岸上的兔子坐得靜靜的,像一顆顆灰色的小石雕。
And then from the direction of the state highway came the sound of footsteps on crisp sycamore leaves.
接著,從州公路那頭傳來腳步踩在乾脆梧桐葉上的聲音。
The rabbits hurried noiselessly for cover.
兔子無聲地匆匆躲起來。
A stilted heron labored up into the air and pounded down river.
一隻長腳蒼鷺吃力地飛上天,沉重地往下游拍翅而去。
For a moment the place was lifeless, and then two men emerged from the path and came into the opening by the green pool.
有那麼一會兒,這地方毫無生氣;然後兩個男人從小路走出來,來到綠色水潭邊的空地。
They had walked in single file down the path, and even in the open one stayed behind the other.
他們沿著小路一前一後走下來,到了空曠處,還是一個跟在另一個後面。
Both were dressed in denim trousers and in denim coats with brass buttons.
兩人都穿著丹寧褲,和釘著黃銅扣子的丹寧外套。
Both wore black, shapeless hats and both carried tight blanket rolls slung over their shoulders.
兩人都戴著沒了形狀的黑帽子,肩上都斜背著捆得緊緊的鋪蓋卷。
The first man was small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong features.
前面那個人個子小、動作快,臉色黝黑,眼神不安,五官尖削而硬朗。
Every part of him was defined: small, strong hands, slender arms, a thin and bony nose.
他身上每個部位都輪廓分明:小而有力的手,細瘦的胳臂,又薄又見骨的鼻子。
Behind him walked his opposite, a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide, sloping shoulders; and he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws.
跟在他後面的是他的反面:一個巨大的男人,臉沒有形狀,一雙大而淡的眼睛,寬而下斜的肩膀;他走得很重,腳有點拖,就像熊拖著爪子那樣。
His arms did not swing at his sides, but hung loosely.
他的兩條胳臂不在身側擺動,只是鬆鬆地垂著。
The first man stopped short in the clearing, and the follower nearly ran over him.
前面那人在空地上猛地停住,後面那個差點撞翻他。
He took off his hat and wiped the sweat-band with his forefinger and snapped the moisture off.
他摘下帽子,用食指抹了抹帽子裡的汗帶,把汗水甩掉。
His huge companion dropped his blankets and flung himself down and drank from the surface of the green pool; drank with long gulps, snorting into the water like a horse.
他那個大塊頭同伴把鋪蓋一丟,整個人撲下去,就著綠色的水面喝起水來;大口大口地灌,像馬一樣往水裡噴著鼻息。
The small man stepped nervously beside him.
小個子在他旁邊緊張地踱著步。
“Lennie!” he said sharply.
「雷尼!」他厲聲說。
“Lennie, for God’ sakes don’t drink so much.”
「雷尼,看在老天份上,別喝那麼多。」
Lennie continued to snort into the pool.
雷尼繼續往水潭裡噴氣。
The small man leaned over and shook him by the shoulder.
小個子彎下身,抓著他的肩膀搖。
“Lennie. You gonna be sick like you was last night.”
「雷尼。你又要像昨晚那樣吐了。」
Lennie dipped his whole head under, hat and all, and then he sat up on the bank and his hat dripped down on his blue coat and ran down his back.
雷尼把整顆頭連帽子一起泡進水裡,然後在岸上坐起來,帽子的水滴到他的藍外套上,順著背往下流。
“Tha’s good,” he said.
「好喝。」他說。
“You drink some, George. You take a good big drink.”
「你也喝一點,喬治。你喝一大口。」
He smiled happily.
他開心地笑著。
George unslung his bindle and dropped it gently on the bank.
喬治卸下鋪蓋卷,輕輕放在岸上。
“I ain’t sure it’s good water,” he said.
「我看這水不一定乾淨。」他說。
“Looks kinda scummy.”
「上面好像浮著一層渣。」
Lennie dabbled his big paw in the water and wiggled his fingers so the water arose in little splashes; rings widened across the pool to the other side and came back again.
雷尼把他的大爪子伸進水裡撥弄,扭著手指,濺起小小的水花;一圈圈漣漪擴散到水潭對岸,又盪了回來。
Lennie watched them go.
雷尼看著它們散開。
“Look, George. Look what I done.”
「你看,喬治。你看我弄的。」
George knelt beside the pool and drank from his hand with quick scoops.
喬治跪在水潭邊,用手很快地掬水喝。
“Tastes all right,” he admitted.
「味道還可以。」他承認。
“Don’t really seem to be running, though.
「不過好像不太在流。
You never oughta drink water when it ain’t running, Lennie,” he said hopelessly.
不在流的水絕對不能喝,雷尼。」他無可奈何地說。
“You’d drink out of a gutter if you was thirsty.”
「你要是渴了,連水溝的水都喝。」
He threw a scoop of water into his face and rubbed it about with his hand, under his chin and around the back of his neck.
他掬了一捧水潑到臉上,用手抹開,抹到下巴底下、繞到後頸。
Then he replaced his hat, pushed himself back from the river, drew up his knees and embraced them.
然後他戴回帽子,往後挪離河邊,屈起膝蓋,用手抱住。
Lennie, who had been watching, imitated George exactly.
一直在看的雷尼,一模一樣地學喬治。
He pushed himself back, drew up his knees, embraced them, looked over to George to see whether he had it just right.
他往後挪,屈起膝蓋,抱住,再轉頭看喬治,看自己學得對不對。
He pulled his hat down a little more over his eyes, the way George’s hat was.
他把帽子再往下拉一點,蓋到眼睛上,跟喬治的帽子一樣。
George stared morosely at the water.
喬治悶悶不樂地盯著水面。
The rims of his eyes were red with sun glare.
他的眼眶被陽光刺得發紅。
He said angrily, “We could just as well of rode clear to the ranch if that bastard bus driver knew what he was talkin’ about.
他氣沖沖地說:「要是那個王八蛋司機知道自己在講什麼,我們早就一路坐到農場了。
‘Jes’ a little stretch down the highway,’ he says.
『沿公路再走一小段就到了』,他說。
‘Jes’ a little stretch.’
『就一小段。』
God damn near four miles, that’s what it was!
他媽的快四英里,這叫一小段!
Didn’t wanta stop at the ranch gate, that’s what.
他就是不想在農場門口停,就這樣。
Too God damn lazy to pull up.
懶得要死,連停個車都懶。
Wonder he isn’t too damn good to stop in Soledad at all.
他沒嫌自己太高貴、連索萊達都不停,還真是奇蹟。
Kicks us out and says, ‘Jes’ a little stretch down the road.’
把我們趕下車,還說『沿路再走一小段就到了』。
I bet it was more than four miles.
我敢說不只四英里。
Damn hot day.”
天殺的熱。」
Lennie looked timidly over to him.
雷尼怯怯地看著他。
“George?”
「喬治?」
“Yeah, what ya want?”
「幹嘛,你要什麼?」
“Where we goin’, George?”
「我們要去哪裡,喬治?」
The little man jerked down the brim of his hat and scowled over at Lennie.
小個子一把拉下帽簷,皺著眉瞪向雷尼。
“So you forgot that awready, did you?
「所以你已經忘了,是吧?
I gotta tell you again, do I?
又要我再講一遍,是吧?
Jesus Christ, you’re a crazy bastard!”
老天爺,你真是個瘋子王八蛋!」
“I forgot,” Lennie said softly.
「我忘了。」雷尼輕聲說。
“I tried not to forget. Honest to God I did, George.”
「我很努力不要忘。我對天發誓,喬治。」
“O.K.—O.K. I’ll tell ya again.
「好——好啦。我再跟你講一遍。
I ain’t got nothing to do.
反正我也沒事幹。
Might jus’ as well spen’ all my time tellin’ you things and then you forget ’em, and I tell you again.”
乾脆把我所有時間都花在跟你講事情上好了,講完你就忘,忘了我再講。」
“Tried and tried,” said Lennie, “but it didn’t do no good.
「我一直試一直試,」雷尼說,「可是都沒用。
I remember about the rabbits, George.”
兔子的事我記得,喬治。」
“The hell with the rabbits.
「去你的兔子。
That’s all you ever can remember is them rabbits.
你唯一記得住的就是那些兔子。
O.K.!
好!
Now you listen and this time you got to remember so we don’t get in no trouble.
現在你給我聽好,這次一定要記住,免得我們又惹上麻煩。
You remember settin’ in that gutter on Howard street and watchin’ that blackboard?”
你記不記得我們坐在霍華德街的水溝邊,看那塊黑板?」
Lennie’s face broke into a delighted smile.
雷尼的臉一下子笑開了。
“Why sure, George, I remember that . . . but . . . what’d we do then?
「當然記得,喬治,那個我記得……可是……然後我們幹嘛了?
I remember some girls come by and you says . . . you say . . .”
我記得有幾個女孩子走過去,然後你說……你說……」
“The hell with what I says.
「管我說什麼。
You remember about us goin’ into Murray and Ready’s, and they give us work cards and bus tickets?”
你記不記得我們走進『莫瑞與瑞迪』,他們給我們工作證和公車票?」
“Oh, sure, George. I remember that now.”
「喔,對,喬治。現在我想起來了。」
His hands went quickly into his side coat pockets.
他的手很快伸進外套兩側的口袋。
He said gently, “George . . . I ain’t got mine.
他小聲地說:「喬治……我的不見了。
I musta lost it.”
我一定是弄丟了。」
He looked down at the ground in despair.
他絕望地低頭看著地上。
“You never had none, you crazy bastard.
「你本來就沒有,你這瘋子王八蛋。
I got both of ’em here.
兩張都在我這裡。
Think I’d let you carry your own work card?”
你以為我會讓你自己拿工作證?」
Lennie grinned with relief.
雷尼鬆了口氣,咧嘴笑了。
“I . . . I thought I put it in my side pocket.”
「我……我以為我放在旁邊口袋裡了。」
His hand went into the pocket again.
他的手又伸進口袋。
George looked sharply at him.
喬治銳利地看著他。
“What’d you take outa that pocket?”
「你從那個口袋裡拿了什麼?」
“Ain’t a thing in my pocket,” Lennie said cleverly.
「我口袋裡什麼都沒有。」雷尼很聰明地說。
“I know there ain’t.
「我知道口袋裡沒有。
You got it in your hand.
東西在你手裡。
What you got in your hand—hidin’ it?”
你手裡拿什麼——還藏?」
“I ain’t got nothin’, George. Honest.”
「我什麼都沒拿,喬治。真的。」
“Come on, give it here.”
「快點,拿過來。」
Lennie held his closed hand away from George’s direction.
雷尼把握著的拳頭往喬治的反方向挪開。
“It’s on’y a mouse, George.”
「只是一隻老鼠啦,喬治。」
“A mouse? A live mouse?”
「老鼠?活的老鼠?」
“Uh-uh. Jus’ a dead mouse, George.
「不是。只是死老鼠啦,喬治。
I didn’ kill it. Honest!
不是我弄死的。真的!
I found it. I found it dead.”
我撿到的。我撿到的時候就死了。」
“Give it here!” said George.
「拿過來!」喬治說。
“Aw, leave me have it, George.”
「唉,讓我留著嘛,喬治。」
“Give it here!”
「拿過來!」
Lennie’s closed hand slowly obeyed.
雷尼握著的拳頭慢慢地服從了。
George took the mouse and threw it across the pool to the other side, among the brush.
喬治拿過老鼠,一把扔過水潭,丟到對岸的灌木叢裡。
“What you want of a dead mouse, anyways?”
「你要一隻死老鼠幹嘛啦?」
“I could pet it with my thumb while we walked along,” said Lennie.
「我可以一邊走一邊用拇指摸牠。」雷尼說。
“Well, you ain’t petting no mice while you walk with me.
「哼,跟我一起走就不准摸什麼老鼠。
You remember where we’re goin’ now?”
現在你記得我們要去哪裡了嗎?」
Lennie looked startled and then in embarrassment hid his face against his knees.
雷尼先是一愣,然後難為情地把臉埋進膝蓋。
“I forgot again.”
「我又忘了。」
“Jesus Christ,” George said resignedly.
「老天爺。」喬治認命地說。
“Well—look, we’re gonna work on a ranch like the one we come from up north.”
「好——聽著,我們要去一個農場做工,就像我們在北邊待過的那種。」
“Up north?”
「北邊?」
“In Weed.”
「威德。」
“Oh, sure. I remember. In Weed.”
「喔,對。我記得。威德。」
“That ranch we’re goin’ to is right down there about a quarter mile.
「我們要去的那個農場就在前面,大概四分之一英里。
We’re gonna go in an’ see the boss.
我們要進去見老闆。
Now, look—I’ll give him the work tickets, but you ain’t gonna say a word.
聽好——工作證我拿給他,但你一個字都不准說。
You jus’ stand there and don’t say nothing.
你就站在那裡,什麼都不要講。
If he finds out what a crazy bastard you are, we won’t get no job, but if he sees ya work before he hears ya talk, we’re set.
要是他發現你是個多瘋的王八蛋,我們就別想找到工作;可是只要他先看到你幹活、再聽到你講話,我們就穩了。
Ya got that?”
懂了沒?」
📚 字詞與句法(15)
1recumbentKK [rɪˈkʌmbənt](adj.)斜臥的、橫躺的
- 詞義:躺著的、斜倚的。原文
sycamores with mottled, white, recumbent limbs——梧桐的枝幹像人斜躺一樣橫伸。 - 例句:A recumbent bicycle lets you ride lying back. / 斜躺式自行車讓你可以往後靠著騎。
- 詞源 × 實用度:拉丁文 recumbere「往後躺」(re- 往後 + cumbere 躺)。文學與醫學用語(recumbent position 臥姿),日常少用。
- 同義詞常用度:lying 95%、reclining 60%、prone 45%、supine 35%、recumbent 20%(第 5/5 名)。
- 詞性變化:adj. recumbent;n. recumbency。
2mottledKK [ˈmɑtl̩d](adj.)斑駁的、雜色斑點的
- 詞義:顏色一塊一塊、深淺不均。原文
mottled, white ... limbs——梧桐樹皮剝落後的花斑。 - 例句:The old man's hands were mottled with age spots. / 老人的手上布滿老人斑。
- 詞源 × 實用度:由 motley(雜色的)逆構而來,18 世紀起用。描寫皮膚、樹皮、動物毛色常見。
- 同義詞常用度:spotted 85%、blotchy 50%、dappled 40%、mottled 35%(第 4/5 名)、speckled 35%。
- 詞性變化:adj. mottled;v. mottle / mottled / mottled / mottling;n. mottle。
3skitteringKK [ˈskɪtɚɪŋ](n./v.)窸窣疾走(聲)
- 詞義:小動物輕快亂竄、發出細碎聲響。原文
a lizard makes a great skittering——蜥蜴在乾葉上竄過的聲音。 - 例句:We heard mice skittering across the attic floor. / 我們聽見老鼠在閣樓地板上窸窸窣窣地跑。
- 詞源 × 實用度:可能來自方言 skite(猛衝)+ -er 反覆字尾。描寫小動物、落葉時好用。
- 同義詞常用度:scurry 70%、scamper 55%、scuttle 45%、skitter 30%(第 4/4 名)。
- 詞性變化:v. skitter / skittered / skittered / skittering;n. skitter。
4moroselyKK [məˈroslɪ](adv.)悶悶不樂地、陰沉地
- 詞義:鬱悶、臭著臉、不想說話。原文
George stared morosely at the water。 - 例句:He sat morosely in the corner after losing the match. / 輸了比賽後,他悶悶地坐在角落。
- 詞源 × 實用度:拉丁文 morosus「任性、難搞」(mos 習性)。中高級書面詞,描寫情緒很精準。
- 同義詞常用度:gloomily 60%、sullenly 50%、glumly 40%、morosely 30%(第 4/5 名)、dourly 15%。
- 詞性變化:adj. morose;adv. morosely;n. moroseness。
5resignedlyKK [rɪˈzaɪnɪdlɪ](adv.)認命地、無可奈何地
- 詞義:接受了改變不了的事。原文
“Jesus Christ,” George said resignedly——他早知道雷尼會忘。 - 例句:She sighed resignedly and started the report again. / 她認命地嘆口氣,重寫那份報告。
- 詞源 × 實用度:resign(辭職;聽任)→ resigned(認命的)。日常常說 resigned to the fact that…。
- 同義詞常用度:helplessly 55%、wearily 45%、resignedly 35%(第 3/5 名)、stoically 25%、fatalistically 10%。
- 詞性變化:v. resign;adj. resigned;adv. resignedly;n. resignation。
6bindleKK [ˈbɪndl̩](n.)(流動工的)鋪蓋卷
- 詞義:流浪工把毯子捲起來、裡面包著全部家當,斜背在肩上。原文
George unslung his bindle。 - 例句:Each worker arrived with nothing but a bindle on his back. / 每個工人來的時候,背上只有一捲鋪蓋。
- 詞源 × 實用度:可能是 bundle 的變體,19 世紀末美國流浪漢俚語;bindle stiff=背鋪蓋卷四處打零工的人。今天幾乎只在談這段歷史時出現。
- 同義詞常用度:bedroll 60%、bundle 55%、blanket roll 40%、swag(澳)20%、bindle 10%(第 5/5 名)。
- 詞性變化:n. bindle / bindles;bindle stiff(n.)。
7jungle upKK [ˈdʒʌŋgl̩ ʌp](phr. v.)(流浪漢)在野地紮營過夜
- 詞義:在 hobo jungle(鐵道邊、水邊的流浪漢營地)生火露宿。原文
tramps ... come down from the highway ... to jungle-up near water。 - 例句:The men jungled up by the tracks and shared a can of beans. / 那些人在鐵軌邊露宿,分吃一罐豆子。
- 詞源 × 實用度:jungle 在 1900 年代美國流浪漢俚語裡指「流浪漢營地」,再轉成動詞。已過時。
- 同義詞常用度:camp out 85%、bed down 50%、rough it 40%、bivouac 15%、jungle up 5%(第 5/5 名)。
- 詞性變化:v. jungle up / jungled up / jungled up / jungling up;n. hobo jungle。
8work card / work ticketKK [wɝk kɑrd](n.)(職業介紹所開的)工作證、派工單
- 詞義:職業介紹所開給工人、到雇主那裡報到用的憑證。原文
they give us work cards and bus tickets;Murray and Ready's 是舊金山真實存在的勞工介紹所。 - 例句:Without a work card, the foreman wouldn't even look at you. / 沒有派工單,工頭連看都不看你一眼。
- 詞源 × 實用度:1930 年代職業介紹所(employment agency)的用語。今天說 job referral 或 work permit(意思不同,指工作許可)。
- 同義詞常用度:referral 60%、job slip 25%、work card 20%(第 3/4 名)、work ticket 10%。
- 詞性變化:n. work card / work cards。
9ranchKK [ræntʃ](n.)(美國西部的大型)農牧場
- 詞義:美國西部養牛或種植的大型農場,雇用大量季節工。本書的「農場」都是 ranch(種大麥+養牲口)。
- 例句:They hired thirty extra hands at the ranch for the harvest. / 收成季節,農場多雇了三十個人手。
- 詞源 × 實用度:西班牙語 rancho(小屋、牧場)——加州原屬墨西哥,所以農牧用語很多來自西語。日常常用。
- 同義詞常用度:farm 95%、ranch 70%(第 2/5 名)、homestead 30%、spread 15%、hacienda 10%。
- 詞性變化:n. ranch / ranches;n. rancher;v. ranch(經營牧場)。
10awready / jus' / spen'KK [ɔˈrɛdɪ][dʒʌs] [spɛn](方言拼寫)= already / just / spend
- 詞義:史坦貝克用拼寫模擬口音:吞掉字尾子音(jus'、spen')、l 弱化(awready)。原文
So you forgot that awready、Might jus’ as well spen’ all my time。 - 例句:“I jus' got here awready tired.” = I just got here already tired. / 我一到就已經累了。
- 詞源 × 實用度:美國口語本來就常吞 t、d 字尾(just→jus')。讀得懂就好,寫作不要用。
- 同義詞常用度:(拼寫變體,不適用;標準拼法 already/just 使用率 100%)
- 詞性變化:just(adv.);spend / spent / spent / spending。
11gonna / outa / oughtaKK [ˈgɔnə][ˈaʊtə] [ˈɔtə](口語縮讀)= going to / out of / ought to
- 詞義:三個字併成一個音。原文
You gonna be sick、What’d you take outa that pocket?、You never oughta drink water。 - 例句:You oughta try it—you're gonna love it. / 你應該試試看——你一定會愛上。
- 詞源 × 實用度:gonna、wanna、gotta 今天仍是極高頻口語,聽力必備;outa、oughta 也還在講。
- 同義詞常用度:gonna 90%(口語)、going to 100%(書面);oughta 30%、should 95%。
- 詞性變化:gonna 後接原形動詞;ought to=should。
12ain'tKK [ent](口語、非標準)= am not / is not / are not / has not / have not
- 詞義:萬用否定縮寫。原文
I ain’t sure it’s good water(=I'm not)、Ain’t a thing in my pocket(=There isn't)、I ain’t got mine(=I haven't got)。 - 例句:It ain't over till it's over. / 還沒結束就還沒結束。(棒球名人尤吉.貝拉名言)
- 詞源 × 實用度:18 世紀由 an't/amn't 演變而來。今天屬非標準英語,但歌詞、口語、刻意粗俗時常用。
- 同義詞常用度:(依語境對應 isn't / am not / haven't;ain't 在正式寫作 0%)
- 詞性變化:無變化;後面常接雙重否定(
ain't got nothin')。
13雙重否定I ain't got nothin'(句法)
- 特徵:兩個否定詞一起出現,意思仍是否定,不會負負得正。
- 原文例:
I ain’t got nothin’, George.(=I haven't got anything)、it didn’t do no good、you ain’t petting no mice、we won’t get no job。 - 效果:一聽就知道說話者是沒受多少教育的勞工階層;全書農工的對話都這樣,形成整本書的聲音。
- 仿寫:「I don't need no help.」= 我不需要任何幫忙。(考試或寫作請用 I don't need any help.)
14開場的「舞台佈景」(句法/結構)
- 特徵:每章開頭先用一段現在式(runs、is、lie)寫靜態場景,再轉成過去式讓人物進場。
- 原文例:
the Salinas River drops in close ... and runs deep and green(現在式)→Evening of a hot day started the little wind(過去式,故事開始)。 - 效果:現在式像劇本的舞台指示——「這地方永遠是這樣」;人一進來時間才開始流動。史坦貝克想讓這本書能直接當劇本演。
- 仿寫:The café stands on a corner where the tram turns. ... Then one rainy morning, a stranger walked in.
15動物比喻寫人物(修辭)
- 特徵:雷尼一直被比成動物。
- 原文例:
the way a bear drags his paws、snorting into the water like a horse、his big paw。 - 效果:強調雷尼力大無窮又沒有自覺,像沒被馴服的動物——也替後面那些被他「摸死」的小動物埋伏筆。
- 仿寫:He ate like a starving wolf, then curled up on the sofa like a cat.